What a lot of questions!
1. A diaspore is a reproductive propagule, so it could be a spore (ascospore, basidiospore or conidium), a hyphal fragment, or in the case of lichens a soredium or isidium. No “extra tissue” is implied in the definition.
2. With respect, the only similarity between a pycnidium and a soralium (both are Latin words so singular is “-um” and plural “-a”) is that they are usually rather small, and develop within the lichen thallus. Pycnidia are hollow, often dark-walled, with a narrow opening (ostiole) and produce conidia from their internal surface. Soralia do not have defined walls, erupt through the outer layer of the thallus, and produce soredia from the exposed medullary tissues.
3. Cyanolichens produce apothecia, perithecia, soralia and isidia in the same way as lichens with green algae.
Hope this helps a bit. You may find the basic and advanced glossaries on the BLS website helpful (see https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/learning/about-lichens” class=”bbcode_url”>https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/learning/about-lichens).
Best wishes
Paul
