Hi
the extreme likelihood is that this will be Melampsoridium betulinum, an extremely common species especially on saplings; decent-sized stands of young birches are hardly ever without it.
M. hiratsukanum is primarily a species on Alnus spp., the odd cases of its ‘jumping’ to Betula is where the host species are growing in close proximity. If on Betula , as I understand it, it can only be distinguished by molecular analysis.
There is a useful summary of the situation here: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=3884” class=”bbcode_url”>https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=3884
cheers
Chris
Hi Chris many thanks for link. Around this location there are Alder but I haven’t checked for Rusts on them. Specimen drying and I will send to Nigel Stringer in due course. I’m still very much a beginner with Rusts! Mark